The Pisco Puzzle: Unraveling the Alternate Theory of Fish Origins

In the world of spirits, Pisco is renowned for its distinct flavor and rich history. But have you ever wondered about the true origins of the name “Pisco”? For centuries, the prevailing belief has been that it derived from the Quechua word “pishku,” meaning bird. However, a lesser-known theory proposes that “Pisco” may have its roots in the abundance of fish found in the port of Pisco, Peru. Join us on a fascinating journey as we delve into this alternate theory and explore the intriguing connections between fish, birds, and the town of Pisco.

While the traditional interpretation associates “Pisco” with birds, a growing body of research supports the notion that fish played a significant role in shaping the name. It is fascinating to note that the original spelling of “pisco” was “pescu,” derived from the Spanish word for fish, “pescado.” This linguistic connection adds weight to the argument that the term “pisco” may have emerged due to the prominence of fish in the region.

The town of Pisco has a long history as a fishing port. Even during pre-Columbian times, the indigenous people of the region relied on fishing for their sustenance and livelihoods. The Spanish colonizers, upon discovering the abundance of fish in the area, began referring to it as “piscis,” eventually evolving into the name “pisco.” This suggests a direct link between the town’s fishing heritage and the origin of the name.

Archaeological studies have uncovered fishing equipment, including hooks, nets, and harpoons, as well as fish and marine animal remains in the Pisco region dating back to pre-Columbian times. Moreover, historical records from the colonial period indicate that both the indigenous population and the Spanish settlers were engaged in fishing and seafood processing. The indigenous people’s knowledge of the marine environment was highly valued by the Spanish, who relied on them to establish fishing operations. This evidence further reinforces the connection between Pisco and its fishing industry.

While the theory of fish as the origin of “Pisco” is gaining traction, it is important to acknowledge the ongoing debates surrounding its veracity. The Quechua interpretation, linking “Pisco” to birds, still holds weight due to linguistic evidence. The alternate theory of fish and the traditional theory of birds may coexist, both influenced by the interplay between fish, birds, and the unique ecology of the Pisco region.

The origins of the word “Pisco” remain a captivating enigma, with multiple theories vying for attention. As we explore the fascinating alternate theory centered around fish, we are reminded of the region’s rich history, where fishing and the pisco industry likely developed in tandem. Whether you envision birds or fish when savoring a glass of Pisco, the debate adds an intriguing layer to this beloved spirit’s cultural heritage

Terroir of PiscoLogía Pisco- The Humboldt Current

Most of the world’s premium wine production takes place between the 30th and 50th parallels of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, where temperate conditions are conducive to grape growing. Growing healthy grapes outside of those parallels can be extremely difficult.

So how are we able to produce healthy pisco grapes in Azpitia, located at 12° S in the Tropic of Capricorn? The answer lies in an oceanographic phenomenon called the Humboldt Current.

The Humboldt Current is a cold ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America. When the Current brings frigid waters from the Southern Chile to Northern Peru, it cools the ocean & creates dry, chilled air. This is why the Peruvian coastline is so arid. Where a dense jungle would normally lie, sand dunes and cacti line the coasts, creating very favorable wine-making conditions.

Upwelling that occurs when the cool current meets tropical waters brings rich nutrients to the surface, creating an irresistible feast for Peruvian birds. In the 16th Century, people dedicated a portion of the coast to the abundant bird population by naming the area “Pisco”.

Because of this fascinating phenomenon, we can grow grapes in optimal conditions and produce the high-quality wine that we distill to make PiscoLogía.

 

Following the etymological trail of pisco

meaning of the word pisco

The word “pisco” and its many variations (pisku, pisccu, phishgo, pichiu etc.) have been documented in Peru for almost 5 centuries. We have summarized the research of historian Gonzalo Gutiérrez in this blog post, following the evolution of the word since its first inscription to its current connotation: the clear brandy we drink today.

Quechua Word For Bird

The Incas had no formal written language; instead they used knotted strings known as khipu. Consequently, the Quechua word “pisco” (bird) wasn’t recorded in Peru until the arrival of the Spaniards. Here are two of the first references to winged creatures:

«Piscos […] that is the name of birds […]». Pedro Cieza de León, Crónica General del Perú.

«There are some small birds […] they call them Pichiu […]»  Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Reales.

Quechua speakers in the Andes still describe birds using different forms of the word “pisco”. “Pichinko” (sparrow) and “piscala” (bird) are two examples. In addition to associations with avifauna, the word has acquired many other meanings over the years.

Geographical Region

Because of the sheer quantity of birds that populated the coastal waters near Ica, people began to call the entire area “Pisco”. The earliest evidence of this is a map of Peru drafted in 1574 by geographer Diego Méndez, where the port of Pisco is clearly delineated. However, it would take more than 300 years for the province and capital of Pisco to be officially created in 1900.

Pisko People and Clay Vessels

The people who lived in the geographical area of Pisco were also called “piskos”. They transported chicha and other alcoholic beverages in clay pots (seen below). Over time, the vessels also took the name “piscos”. To this day, some producers use these pots to age their pisco.

clay pots, piscos, tinajas, traditional pisco method

The Spaniards started distilling wine in Peru at the end of the 16th century/early 17th century, but the clear brandy wasn’t called “pisco” for quite some time. According to Ambassador Gutiérrez, the oldest documentation of brandy production seems to be from 1613, in a will of a man named Pedro Manuel. Among the deceased’s possessions were several containers of aguardiente (brandy). This proves that brandy production had started in Peru. However, the first reference to “pisco” as a brandy didn’t appear until 116 years later.

Pisco As Brandy

In “El pisco, la primera referencia a su nombre”, Gonzalo Gutiérrez presents what is believed to be the first association of pisco as a clear brandy. In a legal document from Lima dated in 1729, containers of “aguardiente de pisco” were the source of a dispute between two parties. This legal document would mark the new nomenclature for the clear spirit we use today.

pisco peruano, peruvian pisco

Credit: Gonzalo Gutiérrez

 

Since 1750, there have been thousands of documentations of the word “pisco”. Here are two examples:

Pisco […]  is so good and much stronger than Cognac” Jullien Mellet, Voyages dans l ‘interieur de la Amérique Meridianale, 1808- 1820.

Pisco Punch is “compounded of the shavings of cherub’s wings, the glory of a tropical dawn, the red clouds of sunset and the fragments of lost epics by dead masters.” Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea.

The name “pisco” has had many connotations over the course of 5 centuries. Chronicling the etymological trail of the word leads us through an interesting historical journey in Peru, starting with Pre-Columbian tribes and ending in present day with our favorite clear brandy.

 

Sources:

Cieza de León, Pedro. Crónica General del Perú, 1550.

Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Reales, chapter XX, 1609.

Gutiérrez, Gonzalo. El Pisco, denominación de origen peruana. 19th ed., vol. 10, Agenda Internacional, 2003, pp. 245–298.

Gutiérrez Gonzalo. El Pisco, La Primera Referencia a Su Nombre. 2020.

Kipling, Rudyard. From Sea to Sea: In Two Volumes. Tauchnitz, 1900.

Mellet, Jullien. Voyages dans l ‘interieur de la Amérique Meridianale, 1808- 1820, 1824.

“Quechua.” MustGo.com, www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/quechua/.

 
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